挥金如土英语直译-挥金如土英语
1.翻译几个词语,中文翻译成英语。急!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2.英语四级必备:这些高频词组要知道!
3.汉语成语英译纵横谈
翻译几个词语,中文翻译成英语。急!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LZ给的分太少了啊,追加分啊。
还有LS的那个诸葛亮实在是不知所云。。外国人很少有人知道Chukeh Liang是谁的,而且说的人家也看不懂。。
1、American
2、Two heads are better than one
3、Tom, Dick and Harry
4、in knots
5、spend money like water
6、be in a muddle or a mess或in a clutter或at sixes and sevens或a regular bedlam或a glorious mess
7、in black and white
8、in a few words
9、time and again
10、one in a hundred
英语四级必备:这些高频词组要知道!
1.利远大于弊:The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
2.理论和实践相结合:integrate theory with practice
3. 劳动力市场:labor market
4.扩大知识面:expand one's scope of knowledge
5.可以替代 think 的词:
believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that
6.可靠的信息源:a reliable source of information
7.可降解的/可分解的材料:degradable / decomposable material
8.考虑到诸多因素:take many factors into consideration
9.开阔眼界:widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision
10.据报道:It is reported that...
11.就我而言/ 就个人而言:As far as I am concerned/ Personally
12.竞争与合作精神:sense of competition and cooperation
13.经济改革:economic reform
14.经济/心理负担:financial burden / psychological burden
15.解释,占...比例:account for
16.解决环境及社会不平衡的问题:
find solutions to environment and the imbalance of society
17.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息:exchange ideas / emotions / information
18.计划经济:planned economy
19.挥金如土:spend money like water
20.缓解压力/ 减轻负担:relieve stress / burden
21.环保的材料:environmentally friendly materials
22.归因于:be attribute to
23.更多地强调:put more emphasis on?
24.跟上?的最新发展:
keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of?
25.复杂的社会现象:a complicated social phenomenon
26.方便快捷:convenient and efficient
27.反映了社会进步的:mirror the social progress/advance
28.发挥日益重要作用:play an increasingly important role in?
29.而不是:rather than
30.对这一问题持有不同态度:hold different attitudes towards this issue
31. 对?有益:be beneficial to / be conducive to?
32.对?有害:do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to
33.对?产生有利/不利的影响:exert positive / negative effects on?
34.对?必不可少:be indispensable to ?
35.导致很多问题:give rise to / lead to / spell various problems
36.导致,引起:lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in
37.代替:replace / substitute / take the place of
38.大大方便了人们的生活:sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.
39.打下坚实的基础:lay a solid foundation for?
40.从另一个角度:from another perspective
41.充分利用:make full use of / take advantage of
42.承受更大的工作压力:suffer from heavier work pressure
43.不可推卸的义务:unshakable duty
44.不可否认:It is undeniable that?
45.保障社会稳定和繁荣:guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
46.宝贵的自然资源:valuable natural resources
47.把时间和精力放在?上:focus one's time and energy on?
48.有其自身的优缺点:has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons
49.主要理由列举如下:The main / leading reasons are listed as follows:
50.必然趋势:an irresistible trend of?
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汉语成语英译纵横谈
汉语成语英译纵横谈
四川宜宾学院 江丽容
摘 要:中华文化上下五千年,语言极为丰富,成语、谚语、歇后语以及各种俗语源远流长。其中尤以格式固定、结构稳定的成语在汉语言宝库中位置举足轻重。英语同样是世界历史悠久的语言,成语、习语构成其特定的内涵,在中西文化交流,尤其在翻译中汉英成语若能恰当地对等运用,能起到“横看成岭侧成峰”的效果。因此本文试图站在跨文化角度谈谈汉语成语的英译。
关键词:成语翻译 对等 跨文化
汉语成语的定义为:言简意赅,生动形象,内涵丰富,比一般词语有着更强的表现力,是历来为人们所喜欢用的一种精粹的语言材料。更广义讲:“凡是具有特定含义的定型词组,已经约定俗成,被书面语所接受了的,就是成语。不管它原来是俗语、谚语、歇后语,还是政治口号、科学术语等等,只要进入书面作为成语运用的,一律总称成语”(陈文伯,《英语成语与汉语成语》,外语教学与研究出版社1982:10)。有人认为,一个翻译工作者遇到的的困难之一就是成语翻译,因而成语的翻译乃至其可译性(translatability)与不可译性(untranslatability)历来就是人们争论的焦点。笔者认为成语来源于生活,也是实际生活的反映,是可以用另一种语言所表现的,因而成语是可译的,只是成语的翻译要根据形式与内容统一的原则,具体情况具体分析,采取不同的译法。
一、汉英对应的成语
许多汉英成语在内涵(connotation)和处延(extension)上都有相对应的表达方式,对等翻译能使语言生动活泼,并富于形象,达到异曲同工之效果,也使译文读者有一种身临其境的感受。
1、汉英成语字面上的对等
有些成语按原文的字面翻译,或借用英语类似的成语,其比喻效果同原文一样生动,这类成语本身就能使读者很快联想起英文中的对等词语。如:
打草惊蛇 beat the grass to frighten away the snake
(相当于 wake a sleeping wolf /dog)
对牛弹琴 play the lute in front of the cattle
(相当于 cast pearls before swine)
画蛇添足 draw a snake and add feet to it
(相当于 paint the lily )
守口如瓶 keep one’s mouth closed like a covered bottle
(相当于 keep one’s mouth shut )
挥金如土 spend money like dirt
(相当于 spend money like water)
雪中送炭 send charcoal in snowy weather
(相当于 help a lame dog over a stile )
易如反掌 be as easy as the turning over one’s hand
(相当于 as easy as falling of a log )
掌上明珠 a pearl in the palm
(相当于 the apple of one’s eye)
“守口如瓶”直译一般为 “keep one’s mouth like a bottle” ( 如《汉英词典》,四川人民出版社,1996,下同;《实用翻译教程》等),瓶子各式各样,也可能是没有封口的,建议改译为 “keep one’s mouth like a covered bottle”。
2、汉英成语意义上的对等
不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语,但按照它们的字面意义翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义。如:
调虎离山 lure the tiger from the mountain
攻其不备 strike sb when he is unprepared
牢不可破 be so strongly built as to be indestructible
了如指掌 know sth like the palm of one’s hand
井底之蛙 be like a frog at the bottom of a well
口蜜腹剑 be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted
声东击西 shout in the east and strike in the west
史无前例 be without precedent in history
3、根据成语的实际意义寻找对应的英语成语
有些成语照字面翻译译文读者难以接受,达不到交际目的。搞翻译的人都知道曾有人将“胸有成竹”译成"have a bamboo in his stomach",闹了场笑话。这条成语出自苏轼原语,意思是说画家在画竹之前,先必须在脑子里产生竹的形象,比喻在做事之前心中已有了全面的考虑。只要理解了原意,就不难翻出它的比喻意义应该是“have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth”, 与之意义相等有一条英语成语是“have a card up one’s sleeve”, 由此看出成语翻译切忌望文生义。又比如 “眉飞色舞”,如果直译为“his eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing”,译文读者就会莫明其妙, 不知所云。翻译时将成语的实际意义译出,即“to beam with joy”。再看下面的例子:
粗枝大叶 be crude and careless (直译:with big branches and large leaves)
暗送秋波 make secret overture to sb (直译:make sheep eyes to sb)
扬眉吐气 feel proud and elated (直译:raise the eyebrows and let out a breath)
单枪匹马 be single-handed in doing sth (直译:a single rifle and a horse)
灯红酒绿 dissipated and luxurious (直译:red lantern and green wine )
开门见山 come straight to the point (直译:open the door and see the mountain )
海阔天空 an endless vast /talk at random (直译:boundless sea and sky )
大张旗鼓 on a large and spectacular scale (直译:so many flags and drums)
“海阔天空” 有两层含义,一是形容空间或境界广阔,译成an endless vast,如:“中国有句古话:退一步,海阔天空。” There is an old Chinese saying , draw back a step and you’ll find an endless vast before you. 二是比喻说话议论漫无边际,没有中心,英语对应的成语是 talk at random. 如:“他吹得海阔天空,我几乎都不懂。”He just talked at random , I could hardly understand.
二、带有文化背景与典故的成语
汉语言文化具有深厚的史学积淀,因而有相当一部分成语带有一定的中国文化背景。有的成语在字面上就会有中国古代的人名、地名,有的出自寓言或历史典故。特别是中国几部史书与名著,如《论语》、《史记》、《封神演义》、《三国演义》、《红楼梦》、《西游记》、《水浒》都闻名世界。翻译这类成语注明出处,以便译文读者能更好地理解。同时,英语成语中也有不少成语带有文化背景,如运用适当,更能使两种文化相互渗透,增加译文读者对中国传统文化的认同。如:
杯弓蛇影 afraid of one’s shadow (see a serpent’s shadow in a wine cup)
八仙过海 vie with each other (like the 8 Immortals [in Chinese legendary story] cross the sea)
东施效颦 blind imitation with ludicrous effect (just like Dong Shi, an ugly
woman, knitting her brows in imitation of the famous beauty Xi Shi
only to make herself all the uglier)
黄粱美梦 vanished dream/a fool’s paradise (golden millet dream[from a Chinese old story] )
叶公好龙 professed love of what one really fears ( Lord Ye’s love of dragon [from a Chinese tale] )
初出茅庐 just have first experience in(from The Romance of the Three Kingdoms)
充耳不闻 turn a deaf year to (from the Bible)
进退维谷 between the devil and deep sea ( Greek mythology: between Scylla and Charybdis)
三、表现民俗民风的成语
这类成语多由习语、谚语、惯用语等提炼而成,在文章与谈话中时有出现,如果使用得当,可能使语言鲜明生动,大增光彩。翻译这类成语时同样要考虑中西文化的差异和风俗习惯的不同,多采用意译。
1、日常生活类,如:
此地无银三百两 A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously
protesting his innocence.
巧妇难为无米之炊 One can’t make bricks out of straw.
情人眼里出西施 Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes.
不到黄河心不 not stop until one reaches one’s goal
病疾乱投医 consult anybody when in a desperate situation
天有不测风云 A storm may rise from a clear sky. / Something unexpected may happen any time.
2、劳动人民在长期与自然的斗争中增长了智慧,因而有不少表现智慧的成语。如:
车到山前必有路 Things will eventually sort themselves out.
吃一堑,长一智 a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit
前车之鉴 a lesson to remember / burn one’s fingers
明枪暗箭 an open spear thrust and an arrow in the dark
三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮 three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind
三思而后行 think thrice before you act / look before leap
3、对形势的判断。如:
树欲静而风不止 A tree may prefer to calm, but the wind will not subside.
山雨欲来风满楼 The rising wind forebodes the coming storm.
城门失火,殃及池鱼 When the city gate catches fire, the disaster extends even to the fish in the moat.
两雄两争,其斗必烈 When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war.
赔了夫人又折兵 instead of making a gain, suffer a double loss
迅雷不及掩耳 as sudden as a flash of lightning
4、老百姓对当权者的不满。如:
天下乌鸦一般黑 Crows are black the world over / Evil people are bad everywhere.
上梁不正下梁歪 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant.
树倒猢狲散 Monkeys disperse when tree falls.
玩火* play with fire and get burned
庆父不,鲁难未已 There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed.
司马昭之心,路人皆知 A villain’s plot is so obvious that everybody knows about it.
“庆父不,鲁难未已”有的翻译是 there will always be trouble until he who stirs it up is removed (如《汉英成语词典》),而相比之下“There will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed”(《新时代汉英大词典》)更显得简练,也更形象。
四、以动物为寓体的成语
动物在不同的文化及语言里往往有不同的象征意义。比如“龙”是中国人的图腾,汉语成语有“望子成龙”、“龙飞凤舞”、“龙腾虎跃”,“龙肝凤胆”等。而在英语所代表的文化中“dragon”的形象往往带有贬意,常用来比喻恶魔。如果把“龙肝凤胆”直译为“dragon’s liver and phoenix’s gallbladder”会把外国朋友吓跑的。又比如“狗”在汉语言文化中往往带有贬意,为人们所唾弃。而在英语文化中“dog”却被认为是人类最忠实的朋友, 乃至被视为家庭成员之一。如果问及欧美人最喜欢的动物是什么,多数人会回答“dog”。因而英语有“help a lame dog over the stile”、“let a sleep dog lie”、“every dog has its day”等成语。翻译这类成语同样要了解中西文化习俗的不同,改变动物的形象,这样不同文化的人才能接受。请看下面的成语及其译文:
望子成龙 long to see one’s son win success (直译:long to see one’s son become a dragon )
龙飞凤舞 living and vigorous flourishes (直译:dragons flying and phoenixes dancing )
打落水狗 hit a person when he is down (直译:beating a drowning dog )
狗仗人势 use the influence of sb in bullying others
( 直译:behave like a dog relying up on the power of its owner)
狗拿耗子 poke one’s nose into other people’s business ( 直译:a dog trying to catch mice)
挂羊头卖狗肉 selling horse-meat as beef steak (直译:hang up a sheep’s head and selling dog-meat)
狗咬吕洞宾 misunderstanding a kind-hearted person (直译:a dog barking at Lu Dongbin)
狐假虎威 bully people by virtue of sb else’s influence (直译:the fox borrow the tiger’s ferocity)
以“挂羊头卖狗肉”为例,狗既然在西方人眼里为宠物,西方人的餐桌上当然是不能有狗肉的。译成对应的英语成语“selling horse-meat as beef steak” 避开了西方人的忌讳,且生动形象,正是异曲同工之处。
五、结束语
由于汉英两种语言文字的差异和文化传统的迥然不同,不同的成语在翻译方法的选择上也不尽相同。传统的“直译”和“意译”各有千秋,笔者则认为译无定论,成语的翻译首先应考虑语言背景的不同,即根据成语在上下文(context clue)中的实际意义选择不同的译法。比如,一部《红楼梦》成语俯拾皆是,在杨译本①与霍译本②中风格却不尽相同,那是因为译者对语言背景理解的角度不一样。在这方面已有不少进行比较的文章,这里不再赘述。
人口学家在上世纪预测:“下一世纪,说英语的人口达15亿,说汉语的人口也为15亿,两个语族约占全世界总人口的三分之一。”汉语和英语现在都是联合国安理会的工作语言,中国已经走向世界。然而就两种语言而言,英语的国际化似乎已经是一种共识,最近听了“创意英国”系列活动之一的“中英作家列车在线”活动报告,中国作家了解欧美作家好像是必修课,而欧美作家对中国现当代作家却知之甚少。汉语语言文化的国际化取决于中国对外开放程度及中国经济能否持续高速的发展。可以断言,随着以中国为首的亚洲国家经济的崛起,东西友好语言文化交流将成为本世纪世界经济文化活动的主流。中华的传统文化也必将引起世界越来越多的关注,我国的翻译工作者有责任和义务多“输出”中国自己博大精深的文化,让世界更多地了解中国的历史与文化。为中华这条巨龙真正腾飞于世界苍穹而努力。
注:① 指杨宪益、戴乃迭(Gladys Yang)译本。
② 指大卫.霍克斯(David Hawkes)译本。
主要参考文献:
1、Newmark, Peter. 1982. Approaches to Translation. England: Pergamon Press Ltd.
2、Nida, Eugene A. 1993. Language, Culture, & Translating.
3、陈德彰,1999,跨文化交际面面观,外语教学与研究出版社。
4、陈德彰,2000,教你学点翻译入门知识,世界知识出版社。
5、陈文伯,1982,英语成语与汉语成语,外语教学与研究出版社。
6、汉英成语词典,四川人民出版社,1996。
7、王倩,2002,英汉成语比较与翻译,《译学词与译学理论文集》,山东大学出版社。
8、金惠康,2002,跨文化交际翻译,中国对外翻译出版公司。
9、冯庆华,2002,实用翻译教程(增订本),上海外语教育出版社。
10、谢萍,2002,论成语的内涵与翻译,《译学词与译学理论文集》,山东大学出版社。
11、新时代汉英大词典,商务印书馆,2000。
12、汉语成语、习语对应词典,中国国际广播出版社,1991。
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